Cell communication (K-A)

Signal transduction (K-A)

Changes in signal transduction pathways (K-A)

Feedback (K-A)

Cell cycle (K-A)

Regulation of cell cycle (K-A)

Cell structures and their functions (K-A)

Cell size (K-A)

Plasma membranes (K-A)

Membrane permeability (K-A)

Membrane transport (K-A)

Facilitated diffusion (K-A)

Mechanisms of transport: tonicity and osmoregulation (K-A)

Cell compartmentalization and its origins (K-A)

Enzyme structure and catalysis (K-A)

Environmental impacts on enzyme function (K-A)

Cellular energy (K-A)

Photosynthesis (K-A)

Cellular respiration (K-A)

Fitness (K-A)

Structure of water and hydrogen bonding (K-A)

Elements of life (K-A)

Introduction to biological macromolecules (K-A)

Properties, structure, and function of biological macromolecules (K-A)

Nucleic acids (K-A)

Responses to the environment (K-A)

Energy flow through ecosystems (K-A)

Population ecology (K-A)

Community ecology (K-A)

Biodiversity (K-A)

Disruptions to ecosystems (K-A)

DNA and RNA structure (K-A)

Replication (K-A)

Transcription and RNA processing (K-A)

Translation (K-A)

Regulation of gene expression and cell specialization (K-A)

Mutations (K-A)

Biotechnology (K-A)

Meiosis and genetic diversity (K-A)

Mendelian genetics (K-A)

Non-Mendelian genetics (K-A)

Environmental effects on phenotype (K-A)

Chromosomal inheritance (K-A)

Natural selection (K-A)

Artificial selection (K-A)

Population genetics (K-A)

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (K-A)

Evidence for evolution (K-A)

Common ancestry and continuing evolution (K-A)

Phylogeny (K-A)

Speciation (K-A)

Extinction (K-A)

Variations in populations (K-A)

Origins of life on earth (K-A)

Disruptions to ecosystems (K-A)

Worked examples - 2015 (K-A)